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中国近现代史纲要分类笔记

BEIJING, April 8 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao has stressed that "supervision" is one of the key missions in 2009 for government organizations to tackle corruption amid the economic crisis, according to Wen's speech script released Wednesday by the State Council.     "The impact of the global economic crisis was still amplifying. Companies' profits shrinking, financial income reducing, job situation worsening... Under such circumstances, it's of great importance for government organizations to reform and tackle any kind of corruption," Wen said.     Wen said this year supervision would be focused on whether government officials' work was quick and effective, policies and regulations practised properly, projects carried out scientifically, funds used reasonably among others.     He said any kind of fund misappropriation, unqualified buildings and other problems which closely affected people's livelihood should be strictly prevented.     Also, Wen stressed supervision in food and drug industry to avoid any safety issues involving unapproved food additives and fake and unqualified medicines.     Wen initially made those remarks at a conference on clean governance here on March 24. The highlights for his speech on that day were released Wednesday by the State Council.     Wen ordered at the conference that Party and government organizations at all levels should reduce reception expenditures this year by 10 percent over 2008, cut car purchase and maintenance fees by 15 percent on the basis of the average amount in the recent three years, and reduce expenditure for business trips abroad by 20 percent based on the average amount over the past three years.     Wen said, this year efforts will be focused on investigation and handling of corruption cases involving government organs and officials, and hard strikes will be made in cases of "collusion between officials and businesses, power-for-money deals and commercial bribery cases."     He urged tougher scrutiny over funds and projects that were closely related to people's livelihoods, such as medical insurance in rural areas, pensions, payment in arrears for migrant workers, water conservation, railroads and other forms of transportation, and urban construction.     Individuals or groups should be severely punished for making defective or harmful farm products or imposing unreasonable charges on farmers, students and patients, he said.     Wen praised the anti-corruption progress made by various government officials last year, especially in supervising and managing relief funds for the May 12 earthquake and the post-quake construction.     "Only by building a clean and efficient government can we unite everyone as an entire force to cope with the crisis and get over it," he added.     Last year, China investigated 2,687 government officials for graft, malfeasance and infringement of people's rights. Those included four people at the province or ministry level, according to a report delivered by Prosecutor-General Cao Jianming in earlier March.     Also, the government investigated 10,315 cases of commercial bribery cases committed by government workers, involving a total sum of more than 2.1 billion yuan (309 million U.S. dollars).

BUSAN, South Korea, April 12 (Xinhua) -- Experts from China, Japan and South Korea attending a regional forum here on Sunday called for closer cooperation among the three countries in tackling the global financial crisis.     The proposal was made at the fourth session of the Northeast Asia Trilateral Forum, a regional platform with political, business and academic experts from the three countries. Vice President of China's Xinhua News Agency Zhou Xisheng (R), Lee Hong-koo (C), former prime minister of the Republic of Korea (ROK) and Ryoki Sugita (L), head of the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Japanese Economic News Press), attend the opening ceremony of the Forum of Northeast Asian Prominent Figures, in Pusan, ROK, April 12, 2009. The fourth Forum of Northeast Asian Prominent Figures was opened on Sunday in Pusan. In his speech to the forum, former Chinese vice premier Qian Qichen said that the issues of the financial crisis, energy security, environmental protection and climate change have been interwoven and become global challenges, and no country alone can counter these challenges.     China, Japan and South Korea are major forces in maintaining world financial stability and promoting global growth, and the most pressing task is to work together to take every necessary measure to curb the spread of the crisis and mitigate its impact on economic growth and market stability, he said. Vice President of China's Xinhua News Agency Zhou Xisheng (R) talks with Lee Hong-koo, former prime minister of the Republic of Korea (ROK), during the opening ceremony of the Forum of Northeast Asian Prominent Figures, in Pusan, ROK, April 12, 2009. The fourth Forum of Northeast Asian Prominent Figures was opened on Sunday in PusanFormer Japanese prime minister Yasuhiro Nakasone suggested in his speech that experts from the three countries form a group to search for a solution to the world financial crisis.     Former South Korean prime minister Lee Hong-koo said the consensus on building new world orders in politics, economy and other fields needs to be more broadly shared so as to better tackle the crisis that all are faced with.     The forum will focus on cooperation among South Korea, China and Japan in dealing with the world financial crisis, which will lay a good foundation for the further development of ties among the three countries, Lee said.     The Northeast Asia Trilateral Forum is a yearly event cosponsored by the Xinhua News Agency of China, the Nikkei news group of Japan and leading South Korean daily Joong Ang Ilbo, and gathers prominent figures from all walks of life in the three countries.     This year's meeting is set to discuss global financial risks, environment, energy and culture.

LONDON, April 3 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao made concrete proposals on tackling the global financial crisis at the G20 London summit, playing an important and constructive role for the summit to gain pragmatic results, the Chinese foreign minister said on Friday.     "The summit produced measures of high value in fighting the financial crisis and built up confidence for the world to tide over the crisis and renew economic growth," Yang Jiechi said, adding that Hu's proposals contributed to the result. Chinese President Hu Jintao attends the Group of 20 summit in London, Britain, April 2, 2009. The international community held high expectations, especially on influential emerging economies such as China, and President Hu's attendance caught much attention, Yang said.     At the summit, Hu called for international cooperation, actively participated in various discussions, comprehensively introduced China's effective measures in dealing with the financial crisis, Yang said.     According to Yang, the Chinese president's trip was proved to a success mainly in five aspects. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R) meets with British Prime Minister Gordon Brown in London, Britain, on April 1, 2009. Firstly, Hu expounded China's opinions on the global financial crisis and called for coordination and support between each other to "join hands and tide over the difficulties together."     Hu reiterated the Chinese government's willingness to strengthen macroeconomic policy coordination with the international community, push the reform of the international financial system forward, actively safeguard the stability of the multilateral trade mechanism and contribute to the restoration of the world's economic development.     Secondly, Hu put forward proposals on reforming the international financial system, saying efforts should be made to strengthen cooperation in financial regulations, formulate as soon as possible widely accepted standards and norms of the regulations, Yang said. Chinese President Hu Jintao (2nd R) talks with British Prime Minister Gorden Brown (R) as they prepare to pose for a family photo during the Group of 20 summit in London, Britain, April 2, 2009International financial institutions should offer more aid to developing countries and the Financial Stability Forum should playa bigger role, the Chinese president said.     The International Monetary Fund (IMF) should strengthen and improve its supervision over the macroeconomic policies of various economies, major reserve currency issuing economies in particular, with a special focus on their currency issuing policies.     Measures should be taken to improve the governance structures of the IMF and the World Bank and give more say to developing countries.     Thirdly, Hu introduced to world leaders China's anti-crisis measures and preliminary achievements gained in tackling the economic downturn.     Fourthly, China voiced strong opposition to protectionism and concerns over development issues, Yang said.     Hu pointed out that protectionism had produced grave consequences, lessons of history must be learnt, and no country should resort to protectionism under the excuse of stimulating the economy.     Yang said the crisis has taken its toll particularly on the developing nations and the UN Millennium Goals have also suffered as a result.     China, as the world's biggest developing nation, has spared no efforts in defending the interests of developing nations, the minister said.     Fifthly, Hu's visit promotes bilateral relations with some countries, Yang said. Chinese President Hu Jintao (L) shakes hands with U.S. President Barack Obama during their meeting in London, Britain, on April 1, 2009In London, Hu held talks with his U.S. counterpart Barack Obama in the first meeting between the two heads of state since the new U.S. administration took office in January, agreeing to build a positive, cooperative and comprehensive relationship in the 21st century and establish a new "China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogue" mechanism.     The meeting ushered in a new era which features healthy and stable development of China-U.S. relations, Yang said.     In a meeting between Hu and his Russian counterpart Dmitry Medvedev, the two leaders agreed to push forward bilateral ties, jointly tackle the global financial crisis and strengthen coordination in dealing with international affairs. Chinese President Hu Jintao (L) meets with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in London, Britain, April 1, 2009When meeting with British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Hu reached broad consensus with him on tackling the international financial crisis, promoting the reform of the world financial system and enhancing bilateral relations.     Hu also met with his French counterpart Nicolas Sarkozy, Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso, Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, and South Korean President Lee Myung-bak.     Despite a tight schedule, Hu tried to seize every opportunity to explain China's positions and views on various issues and achieved good results, Yang said. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with French President Nicolas Sarkozy during their meeting in London, Britain, on April 1, 2009G20 groups the world's major economies and serves as a key and effective platform for tackling the current global economic and financial challenges, Yang said.     China is ready to work with other G20 members to implement the consensus reached at the London summit and make greater contributions to overcoming the financial crisis, renewing global economic growth and advancing international financial reforms, the minister concluded.

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BEIJING, March 13 (Xinhua) -- The National People's Congress (NPC), China's top legislature, on Friday expressed strong indignation and opposition to a European Parliament resolution on Tibet.     "We are strongly indignant with and opposed to the act that intervenes in China's internal affairs, damages China-Europe relations and hurts the Chinese people's feelings," the NPC Foreign Affairs Committee said in a statement.     Regardless of China's repeated stern representation, the European Parliament, stirred up by a few of its members, insisted on approving a resolution on Tibet, which distorts the facts and again encourages the ** Lama's separatist practice, in an attempt to internationalize the Tibet-related issues," said the statement.     Tibet is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory and Tibetan affairs are purely China's domestic affairs, the statement said, adding that any foreign government and organization does not have the right to intervene in China's internal affairs.     The Tibet Autonomous Region has achieved economic development, national unity and social harmony and people there have been living and working in peace since the democratic reforms 50 years ago, the statement said.     Over the past few years, the Chinese central government has carried out a number of contacts and dialogues with patience and sincerity with the ** Lama's representatives.     However, as the ** Lama has not stopped his separatist activities, no substantial progress was made through the dialogues.     ** Lama's Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy for the Tibetan People, under the veil of claiming autonomy, actually seeks political independence for Tibet and runs against China's Constitution. It will be inevitably opposed by all the Chinese people, the statement said.     The ** Lama claimed that rather than seeking for "Tibet independence ", he only asked for "high degree of autonomy" and "genuine autonomy" and insisted on "nonviolence".     However, ** Lama's so-called "genuine autonomy" aimed to restore his reign in Tibet that integrating religion and state, and establish a supposed "greater Tibet area" which covers nearly a quarter of China's territory. The so-called "greater Tibet area" does not exist in history, nor does it have an actual ground     The claim also asked the Chinese central government to withdraw armies and all the non-Tibetans from the "greater Tibet area". The essence of these claims is advocating "Tibet independence " or meant for "gradual or covert Tibet independence," the statement said.     The ** Lama claimed that he insisted on "nonviolence", but the violent riots in Lhasa staged by the ** Lama's followers on March 14 last year proved that they have never stopped violent activities.     The allegations of the ** Lama were only disguise for his separatist stance and violent criminal activities. They were also packaging to defraud the international society of sympathy and support, the statement said.     "Our disputes with the ** Lama is neither the ethnic issue, nor religious issue, or human rights, but a major principled issue concerning China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, " it said.     The Chinese central government's policy toward the ** Lama is consistent and clear cut, the statement said, adding the door is always open for contacts and talks with him.     The key for positive progresses of contacts and talks rest with whether the ** Lama would give up his wrong stance and separatist behaviors, reexamine his political opinions and make aright choice beneficial to the country, the people, the history and himself.     The statement also said, it is in line with the common interest of China and the Europe to enhance mutual beneficial cooperation on an equal footing.     "A handful European parliament members, who hold prejudice against China, have very readily and repeatedly proposed groundless resolutions on Tibet-related issues," it said.     These resolutions deliberately slandered against China's image, sent wrong signals to the ** Lama's supporters and boost arrogance of the pro-Tibet campaigners.     These European parliament members should be warned sternly to get a clear understanding of the situation and respect the facts. Any conspiracies to interfere in China's internal affairs are doomed to fail, it said.     The NPC values relations with the European parliament and requests the European parliament to proceed from the overall interest of China-EU relations, discard ideological prejudice, adopt a fair and objective stance and do more things that conducive to the healthy development of China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership, said the statement.     Also on Friday, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu urged the European Parliament to confirm to the public opinions, immediately stop interfering in China's internal affairs using the Tibet-related issue and work with China to maintain the overall situation of China-EU relations.

BEIJING, Feb. 27 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao has urged all officials receiving public grievances to learn from the hard working style of the late Pan Zuoliang (1965-2008).     Pan had worked as director of the Letters and Calls Bureau of Liaozhong County, Liaoning Province, northeast China, until May 9,2008, when he died of a sudden cerebral hemorrhage on duty. Pan Zuoliang (1965-2008) had worked as director of the Letters and Calls Bureau of Liaozhong County, Liaoning Province, northeast China, until May 9,2008, when he died of a sudden cerebral hemorrhage on duty."Build the letters and calls departments into a sector that is first-class regarding their work and satisfactory to the people," said Hu, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, in an instruction to a meeting of officials at the Great Hall of the People, in central Beijing, Friday.     Prior to the gathering, Zhou Yongkang, a member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau, called Pan a model for grassroots Party members and officials. "Pan had always lived among the people and helped the Party and the people to get over difficulties," he said. People send Pan's coffin off spontaneously. Pan Zuoliang (1965-2008) had worked as director of the Letters and Calls Bureau of Liaozhong County, Liaoning Province, northeast China, until May 9,2008, when he died of a sudden cerebral hemorrhage on duty.Zhou urged all officials to "prevent and resolve inharmonious, unstable factors" in the country.     After his death, Pan was made an "Excellent Letters and Calls Official Who Help the Party and the People Resolve Difficulties" and a "National-level Excellent Letters and Calls Official" by the Liaoning Provincial Communist Party Committee and the State Bureau for Letters and Calls.

BEIJING, March 26 (Xinhua) -- China's central bank governor has spoken highly of the government's rapid responses to the current global financial crisis, featuring decisively adopting a proactive fiscal policy and an adaptively easing monetary policy, and launching a bundle of timely, targeted and temporary policies and measures.     The prompt, decisive and effective policy measures adopted by the Chinese government demonstrates "its superior system advantage when it comes to making vital policy decisions," says Zhou Xiaochuan, president of the People's Bank of China (PBC), in an article entitled "Changing Pro-cyclicality for Financial and Economic Stability."     It is Zhou's third article published on the central bank's official website (WWW.PBC.GOV.CN) this week to discuss the issue of the current global financial crisis. His first and second articles, published on Monday and Tuesday, are entitled "Reform the International Monetary System" and "On Savings Ratio," respectively.     In the third article, the 61-year old central bank governor tries to find out the root causes for the current financial crisis, including but not limited to lessons on monetary policy, financial sector regulations, accounting rules.     The top Chinese banker says he wants to stimulate debate and discussions on some of the pro-cyclical features in the system, possible remedial measures, and how monetary and fiscal authorities can play their professional roles at times of severe market distress.     "Financial crises normally originate in the accumulation of bubbles and their subsequent bursts. Usually, economists pay a lot of attentions to pro-cyclicality on the macro level.     However, on the micro level, there are quite a number of notable pro-cyclical features embedded in the market structure today, which should be addressed as we deal with the current crisis and reform the financial system," he says.     Zhou suggests that in the current market structure, more counter-cyclical mechanisms or negative feedback loops on micro-level should be put in place to sustain a more stable financial system.     In the article, he notes that rating problems and herding phenomenon arise from outsourcing.     The global financial system relies heavily on the external credit ratings for investment decisions and risk management, giving rise to a prominent feature of pro-cyclicality, according to the central bank governor.     "Economic upswings produce euphoria and downturns generate pessimism," he says, "Many market players adopting ratings from the three agencies and using them as the yardstick for operations and internal performance assessments clearly result in a massive "herd behavior" at the institutional level."     Zhou points out that some market players seem to have forgotten that the ratings are no more than indicators of default probabilities based on past experiences but were never meant to be guarantees for the future, he says. "Once problems take place, as we have seen during the current crisis, fingers are pointed to the rating agencies," he says.     He suggests that financial institutions should try to rely more on internal rating in assessing risks.     He calls for giving full play to the professional role of authorities in maintaining overall financial stability and establishing a counter-cyclical mechanism for capital requirement     "To stabilize markets under severe stress, finance ministries and central banks need to act fast and apply extraordinary measures," he says, "Untimely or delayed response falls behind the curve and would make the outcome less than desired even if the response is correct and strong."     In modern Western societies, a prolonged political process for mandates to finance ministries or central banks often miss the best timing for action, Zhou says, adding, "We have observed such cases during the current crisis."     He suggests that governments and legislatures may consider giving pre-authorized mandates to ministries of finance and central banks to use extraordinary means to contain systemic risk under well-defined stress scenarios, in order to allow them to act boldly and expeditiously without having to go through a lengthy or even painful approval process.     "Such systematic pre-authorized mandates would put the specialized expertise of finance ministries and central banks to the best use when markets need it the most," he stresses.     The central bank governor attributes China's current success in easing the impacts of the crisis to the country's financial sector reform and ongoing macroeconomic stimulus measures     In 2003, fully aware of the systemic vulnerabilities of China's banking industry, the Chinese government made a courageous and strategic decision to restructure the four state-owned commercial banks, says Zhou, who took over as the PBC governor in late 2002.     In the article, Zhou gives a look back on the reforms of the country's major banks and security industry.     But he warns, "We should bear in mind that despite the notable achievements in banking reform, the major banks have not gone through a full business cycle and still have much to improve. An economic slowdown will be the ultimate stress test for the robustness of the banks' strengths."     According to the bank governor, irrespective of China's sound financial sector, the Chinese economy, especially the export sector, has felt the impact brought by the slowdown of the global economy.     He praises the Chinese government for its plans to stimulate domestic demand and promote stable and relatively rapid economic growth, including the extra investment of 4 trillion yuan (685 billion U.S. dollars) in over two years, the ten measures to revitalize the industrial sectors, and other bolster measures to increase money supply, promote employment, reform taxes and medical and healthcare system.     "Having taken the above-mentioned measures, China expect to maintain stable economic growth by boosting domestic demand and reducing dependence on external demand, thus serving as a stabilizing force in global economy," Zhou says.     In overall, the macroeconomic measures have produced preliminary result and some leading indicators are pointing to recovery of economic growth, indicating that rapid decline in growth has been curbed, he concludes.

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MEXICO CITY, Feb. 11 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping left here Wednesday afternoon for Jamaica after wrapping up a three-day official visit to Mexico.     During his visit, Xi held talks with Mexican President Felipe Calderon and met with Senate President Gustavo Enrique Madero Munoz and Cesar Duarte Jaquez, president of the Chamber of Deputies.     Xi exchanged views with them on bilateral relations and international and regional issues of common concern.     At a luncheon hosted by Chinese and Mexican entrepreneurs, Xi said fresh efforts were needed to further promote China-Mexico economic and trade cooperation amidst the current global financial crisis.     Mexico is the first leg of the Chinese vice president's six-nation tour, which will also take him to Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil and Malta.     On his way to Mexico, Xi made a transit stop in Nandi, Fiji, where he held talks with Fijian leaders on the cooperative partnership between China and the island country.

BEIJING, April 17 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao stressed Friday the importance to improve the work of military officers to better serve the decision-making of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the Central Military Commission (CMC).     He made the remarks here during a meeting with military officers. Chinese President Hu Jintao (C, front) poses for a group photo with military officers in Beijing, China, April 17, 2009. Hu stressed Friday the importance to improve the work of military officers to better serve the decision-making of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the Central Military Commission (CMC). "Under the guidance of the Deng Xiaoping Theory and the 'Three Represents,' we should focus on the overall situation of the country's security and development strategy ... and improve the work of military officers to a higher level," said Hu, who is also chairman of the CMC.     Hu said that since the founding of New China, especially the reform and opening up, military officers have resolutely followed the decisions and instructions of the CPC Central Committee and the CMC, and have been devoted to their duties, worked hard and made important contributions to safeguarding the national sovereignty, security and development, as well as to the national defense and military modernization.     "The world is experiencing profound, complex changes, and the impact of the global financial crisis is still spreading," Hu said," Under such circumstances, military officers are facing a more arduous task and shoulder more important responsibilities."     Hu urged the building of a contingent of military officers who are self-disciplined, loyal to the party, well versed both in civil and military affairs.     Guo Boxiong and Xu Caihou, both vice chairmen of the Central Military Commission, attended the meeting.

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BEIJING, March 3 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese antique collector who bid at a Christie's auction for two looted bronze animal heads, Tuesday told why he has refused to pay his winning bid.     The two looted pieces were not allowed to enter China according to a regulation issued a day after the auction by China's cultural relics administration, and as a result, the payment should not be made, Cai Mingchao said in a statement released by the National Treasure Funds of China (NTFC).     China has repeatedly demanded the return of the sculptures -- heads of a rat and a rabbit -- looted when the Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) was burned down by Anglo-French allied forces during the Second Opium War in 1860.     "The auction negated the history that the cultural relics were looted, defied the ethics of international society, and breached the rules of commercial auctions," Cai said in the statement, which was e-mailed to Xinhua.     Cai said that the sculptures would disappear forever and auctioning looted antiques could become a commercial practice had he not been the final bidder at the auction in Paris on Feb. 25.     "I got the chance and I was capable of buying the bronzes at the time of the auction. As a Chinese collector and art advisor, I'm willing to rescue looted artworks," Cai, NTFC's collection advisor, emphasized.     Cai won the auction by bidding 31.49 million euros (39.63 million U.S. dollars) by telephone, but he told a press conference Monday that no payment would be made.     So far, five of the 12 bronze animal heads have been returned, while the whereabouts of five others are unknown.     An online survey conducted by sina.com.cn showed more than 70 percent of the netizens support Cai's patriotic action for he had safeguarded China's interests. However, others said China's reputation would be affected and Christie's is still able to hold new auctions.     An attempt to contact Cai failed and employees of his company in Xiamen, Fujian Province, said they had lost contact with their boss since Monday.     The company was established in 2003 with a registered capital of 1.16 million yuan (nearly 170,000 U.S. dollars) and more than 10 employees. Cai owns 95 percent of the company's shares.     Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang reiterated on Tuesday that the looted sculptures were originally owned by China and China opposed any auction of these cultural relics and demanded their return. Qin said he learned the bidder was Chinese on Monday after the news conference.     Christie's has not made any official comment over the issue so far.     NTFC was established in 2002 under the administration of China Foundation for the Development of Social Culture registered under the name of the Ministry of Culture for the purpose of repatriating looted Chinese artifacts.

MEDELLIN, Colombia, March 29 (Xinhua) -- China's membership in the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) will broaden cooperation between China and Latin America, China's central bank governor Zhou Xiaochuan said here Saturday.     Closer bilateral cooperation will enhance their ability to jointly tackle the ongoing financial crisis, Zhou told an IDB meeting in Medellin. Chinese Central Bank Governor Zhou Xiaochuan attends the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) meeting in Medellin, Colombia, March 28, 2009. Zhou on Saturday urged for international financial reforms in the face of the global economic downturn. He added that China, as a new member, is willing to share development experience and enhance trade relations with Latin America.     South-South cooperation is all the more important amid the current financial crisis, and China will expand its trade with and increase its investment in Latin American countries after it joined the IDB, he said.     Two-way trade between China and Latin America has grown at an average annual rate of 40 percent in recent years, hitting a record high of 143.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2008.     China joined the IDB as its 48th member country in January this year. Zhou is here for the 50th annual meeting of the IDB, scheduled for March 27-31 in the Colombian city of Medellin.     The IDB group, founded in 1959 and headquartered in Washington D.C., is the oldest and largest regional inter-governmental development financial institution. It is aimed to promote economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean.